Companies Rarely Grow Into Their Valuations

Investors often justify high valuation multiples with the claim that the companies "will grow into their valuations."

It turns out this rarely happens.

Most often, companies don't grow fast enough to compensate for rising valuation multiples. Instead, high valuations today imply slower value appreciation in the future, i.e. lower returns.

Thus, companies don't catch up to their valuations; their valuations catch up to them.

Expanding on multiple expansion

Investors can justify rising valuation multiples with a belief that:

• growth will be better than expected ("they will grow into their valuation"),
• returns will be lower than expected (the valuation will appreciate more slowly), or
• multiples will be even higher in the future ("someone else will pay more for this thing")

If growth accelerates, valuation multiples fall due to the denominator growing faster than the numerator (revenue or cash flow grows faster than valuation).

On the other hand, if future returns decline, the numerator grows more slowly (valuations grow slower than revenue or cash flow), also causing multiples to fall. Either outcome leads to declining valuation multiples:

$$\frac{\text{Valuation} \uparrow}{\text{Revenue or Cash Flow} \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow} \rightarrow \text{Declining Valuation Multiples}$$

Think of the "multiples are higher today because multiples will be higher tomorrow" justification as a sort of "bubble mentality" or "greater fools" explanation. Someone else will pay more for this later, so I'm OK paying more today. This of course can't go on for long: bubbles eventually pop; manias eventually subside. So, here too, multiples return to "normal."

These three explanations for valuation multiples are collectively called the Campbell-Shiller Decomposition, originally conceived in the late 1980s. It lets us cleanly account for changing valuation multiples with changing beliefs about growth, returns, and future multiples. We can even make an equation out of it (\(\Delta\) = Change):
$$\Delta \text{Valuation Multiples Today} = \Delta \text{Future Growth} - \Delta\text{Future Returns} + \Delta\text{Future Valuation Multiples}$$

Therefore, higher multiples today imply (1) faster growth in the future, (2) lower future returns, or (3) even higher multiples going forward.

Importantly, this works for both forward and backward-looking analysis: changing expectations of future growth, returns, or multiples affect valuations today and changing valuation multiples today also forecast future growth, returns, and multiples. In other words, investors' subjective expectations about the future influence valuations today and those valuations also predict the objective future itself.

Regardless of the specific cause, valuation multiples eventually mean-revert; subjective expectations eventually collide with objective reality.

Subjective expectations

Let's start with subjective expectations. When researchers decompose variation in price-earnings (PE) ratios into changing expectations about cash flows, discount rates (e.g. expected returns), and future PE ratios using the Campbell-Shiller Decomposition, they find fluctuating cash flow expectations (CF in the table below) explain more than 90% of all movement in valuations ratios, while expected returns (DR) explain little:

“In the 2003 to 2015 sample, one-year subjective earnings growth expectations account for virtually all (94%) price-earnings ratio movements.”
...
“high prices can largely be accounted for by high expectations for future cash flows. Cash flow growth expectations are volatile and significantly correlated with prices. In comparison, return expectations are much less volatile and positively correlate with prices, meaning that high prices cannot come from low discount rates” — Subjective Cash Flow and Discount Rate Expectations

Another paper breaks down the expected returns vs growth dynamic between different classes of market participants, finding that sell-side analysts, institutional investors, and corporate CFOs all use growth expectations to explain fluctuating valuations (\(g_t\) in the table below) rather than expected returns (\(\mu_t\)):

“both Wall Street and Main Street believe... the expected cash flow process is the main economic force driving asset price variations”
...
“cash flow expectations alone explain 99% of the price-dividend ratio variation, while return expectations only explain about 10%.” — Subjective Return Expectations

Investors see valuations move and ascribe these gyrations to changing expectations for future business growth. But does the growth ever materialize?

Objective reality

Not really:

“the variance decomposition results reveal that all three types of investors seem to overestimate how much cash flow variation contributes to the variation in asset prices when compared to objective measures of return expectations, which show that discount rate variation should contribute the most to asset price variation” — Subjective Return Expectations

Now we turn to objective reality. The chart below plots expected (solid blue) and realized (dotted green) 1-year earnings growth of the S&P 500 over the last 40 years. Expected earnings growth consistently exceeds actual growth, implying investors tend to overestimate earnings growth. Notice as well how expected earnings growth tend to show "upside volatility", whereas actual earnings show more downside volatility.

“Earnings growth expectations typically fail to predict the change in earnings during busts, but they do tend to predict recoveries and track future earnings growth reasonably well during normal times.” — Subjective Cash Flow and Discount Rate Expectations

Investors rarely predict poor earnings growth in advance. They often correctly predict strong earnings growth after recessions, but that's kind of cheating isn't it? Quick bounce-backs follow recessions almost universally.

When financial researchers do look-backs, they find that high valuation multiples precede low returns. In fact, they literally predict lower returns. Per finance legend John Cochrane's 2011 Presidential Address at the American Finance Association (apologies for the pixelated 360p screenshot, YouTube was less generous back then):

"These regressions are telling us that all variation in price-dividend ratios, all of that volatility, corresponds to variations in expected returns. None of it corresponds to variation in expected dividend growth and none to rational bubbles or prices that are ever higher."
...
"The valuation ratio translates one to one to expected returns and doesn't forecast the cash flows or price change that we might have expected." — John Cochrane

High valuation multiples correspond to lower returns, and vice versa. After periods of frothy valuations, returns end up lower than expected, bringing lofty valuation multiples back down to reality.

Despite this sobering reality, investors are extremely stubborn about future return expectations, even in the face of rising prices. Undeterred by nose-bleed valuations, they continue to expect roughly the same return in all periods, leading actual returns (dotted green) to be much more volatile than expected returns (solid blue), which look nearly constant in comparison (right-hand chart):

Equity investors always expect the same rate of return, regardless of how high or low valuations multiples are today, which doesn't make a ton of sense.

Waiting for Godot growth

The data from the public markets is clear: valuations rise, returns fall.

Investors don't like to think this way, and thus they continue to expect the same return in all periods, leading to inevitable disappointment. Meanwhile, they justify their stubbornness about returns by convincing themselves that growth will save the day. It typically does not.

This data only covers public equity investors. It'd be fair to point out that growth among startups is much more variable than that for public companies, so much so that variation in startup growth could explain much more valuation variation.

That said, I find it hard to believe the future for startups could brighten so dramatically, practically overnight:

If anything, the high variability of startup growth may be a cognitive trap, seducing us to think that herculean growth alone can shoulder weighty valuations.

I think it's past time we in the venture world get serious about the valuation craze. Do we really think the future is so much brighter? Are we merely accepting lower future returns, and if so, do our LPs know this? Is it all just a bubble?

Investors rely too much on growth to justify current valuations and underestimate the risk that higher multiples portend poor returns. Investors like to think companies will grow into their valuations, but more often than not, the stock simply underperforms.

The burden is on venture investors to prove there's something special about the asset class that will help it escape the fateful relationship between valuations and returns we see in public equities.

Until then, growth is just a cop out.